1: With sodium hydroxide in water T=100°C; 1.5 h; 2: With hydrogenchloride in water T=0°C; pH=1 - 2; Product distribution / selectivity;

Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1.1: trichlorophosphate / sulfolane / 80 - 120 °C1.2: 10 - 95 °C1.3: 25 - 80 °C / pH 6 - 82.1: hydrogen / palladium 10 on activated carbon / tetrahydrofuran; methanol / 23 °C / 2585.81 Torr / Industry scale; Autoclave3.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale4.1: diethyl ether; isobutyramide / 1 h / 25 °C  

Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: hydrogen / palladium 10 on activated carbon / ethanol; water; tetrahydrofuran / 43 h / 50 °C / 2844.39 Torr / Industry scale2: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale3: diethyl ether; isobutyramide / 1 h / 25 °C