1: With sodium hydroxide in water T=25 - 100°C; 1 h; 2: With hydrogenchloride in water T=0 - 25°C; 21.1667 h; Product distribution / selectivity;

1: With sodium hydroxide in water T=100°C; 1.5 h; 2: With hydrogenchloride in water T=0°C; pH=1 - 2; Product distribution / selectivity;

1.1: triethylamine / acetonitrile / 20 h / 92 °C / Industry scale 2.1: hydrogen / palladium 10 on activated carbon / ethanol; water; tetrahydrofuran / 43 h / 50 °C / 2844.39 Torr / Industry scale 3.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 4.1: tetrahydrofuran / 1 h / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 5.1: sodium hydroxide; water / 30 h / 23 °C / Industry scale 5.2: 0 °C / Industry scale View Scheme

1.1: ammonium hydroxide / toluene; water; tetrahydrofuran / 2 h / -10 °C / Reflux 1.2: pH 4 2.1: ammonium hydroxide; (NH4)2CO3; copper(II) sulfate / water / 72 h / 118 °C / Autoclave; Industry scale 3.1: hydrogen / palladium 10 on activated carbon / tetrahydrofuran; methanol / 23 °C / 2585.81 Torr / Industry scale; Autoclave 4.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 5.1: tetrahydrofuran / 1 h / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 6.1: sodium hydroxide; water / 30 h / 23 °C / Industry scale 6.2: 0 °C / Industry scale View Scheme

1.1: N,N-dimethyl-formamide; thionyl chloride / 4 h / Reflux 2.1: ammonium hydroxide / toluene; water; tetrahydrofuran / 2 h / -10 °C / Reflux 2.2: pH 4 3.1: ammonium hydroxide; (NH4)2CO3; copper(II) sulfate / water / 72 h / 118 °C / Autoclave; Industry scale 4.1: hydrogen / 5 palladium on charcoal / ethanol; water / 8 h / 55 °C / Industry scale 5.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 6.1: tetrahydrofuran / 1 h / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 7.1: sodium hydroxide; water / 30 h / 23 °C / Industry scale 7.2: 0 °C / Industry scale View Scheme

1.1: hydrogen / palladium 10 on activated carbon / tetrahydrofuran; methanol / 23 °C / 2585.81 Torr / Industry scale; Autoclave 2.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 3.1: diethyl ether; isobutyramide / 1 h / 25 °C 4.1: sodium hydroxide; water / 1.5 h / 100 °C 4.2: 0 °C / pH 1 - 2 View Scheme

1.1: trichlorophosphate / sulfolane / 80 - 120 °C 1.2: 10 - 95 °C 1.3: 25 - 80 °C / pH 6 - 8 2.1: hydrogen / palladium 10 on activated carbon / tetrahydrofuran; methanol / 23 °C / 2585.81 Torr / Industry scale; Autoclave 3.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 4.1: tetrahydrofuran / 1 h / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 5.1: sodium hydroxide; water / 30 h / 23 °C / Industry scale 5.2: 0 °C / Industry scale View Scheme

1.1: hydrogen / palladium 10 on activated carbon / ethanol; water; tetrahydrofuran / 43 h / 50 °C / 2844.39 Torr / Industry scale 2.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 3.1: diethyl ether; isobutyramide / 1 h / 25 °C 4.1: sodium hydroxide; water / 1.5 h / 100 °C 4.2: 0 °C / pH 1 - 2 View Scheme

1.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 2.1: tetrahydrofuran / 1 h / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 3.1: sodium hydroxide; water / 30 h / 23 °C / Industry scale 3.2: 0 °C / Industry scale View Scheme

1.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 2.1: tetrahydrofuran / 1 h / 0 - 23 °C / Industry scale 3.1: sodium hydroxide; water / 30 h / 23 °C / Industry scale 3.2: 0 °C / Industry scale View Scheme