1: 78 percent / NH2OH*HCl/Na2CO3 / methanol; H2O / Ambient temperature 2: 73 percent / H2 / PtO2 View Scheme

1: D-glucose; NADP; D-AADH and GDH enzyme mixture from E. coli gdhAminus cells; sodium hydroxide; ammonium chloride / water / 20 h / 30 °C / pH 9 / |Enzymatic reaction 2: sodium hydroxide / water / 13 h / pH 10.3 - 10.7 / |Large scale 3: oxalyl dichloride / 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran / 0.5 h 4: ammonium hydroxide / water; 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran View Scheme

hydrogenchloride in acetic acid 24 h; Heating;