1: 99.3 percent / NH4Cl / aq. NH3 / 50 h / 37 °C / enzymatic hydrolysis with Pseudomonas putida at pH 9 2: 89 percent / NaNO2, 2N H2SO4, 4N H2SO4 / aq. acetic acid / 24 h, r.t.; 3 h, 100 deg C 3: 65 percent / SOCl2 / 24 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: 74.3 percent / NaOH / H2O / 4 h / 130 - 132 °C 2: 89.5 percent / NaOH / H2O / 1 h / 0 - 5 °C / pH 11 - 11.5 3: 41 percent / potassium phosphate buffer; aq. NaOH; beef kidney acetone powder / CoCl2 / 24 h / 37 °C / pH 7.5 / Enzymatic reaction View Scheme

1: 99.3 percent / NH4Cl / aq. NH3 / 50 h / 37 °C / enzymatic hydrolysis with Pseudomonas putida at pH 9 2: 1.) NaNO2, 2N H2SO4; 2.) KBr, NaNO2, 3N H2SO4 / 1.) 50percent CH3COOH, r.t., 24 h; 2.) 50percent CH3COOH, 0-5 deg C, 1 h 3: 95 percent / SOCl2 / 24 h / Ambient temperature 4: H2O; nitromethane / 72 h / 50 °C / examined various solvent-base systems 5: 90 percent / CF3COOH / 2 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: 99.3 percent / NH4Cl / aq. NH3 / 50 h / 37 °C / enzymatic hydrolysis with Pseudomonas putida at pH 9 2: 1.) NaNO2, 2N H2SO4; 2.) KBr, NaNO2, 3N H2SO4 / 1.) 50percent CH3COOH, r.t., 24 h; 2.) 50percent CH3COOH, 0-5 deg C, 1 h 3: 95 percent / SOCl2 / 24 h / Ambient temperature 4: H2O; nitromethane / 72 h / 50 °C / examined various solvent-base systems 5: CF3COOH / 2 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: 77 percent / D-hydantoinase 2 / H2O / 27.2 h / 50 °C / pH 8.5 2: aq. HCl, NaNO2 / 0 °C View Scheme

1: 99.3 percent / NH4Cl / aq. NH3 / 50 h / 37 °C / enzymatic hydrolysis with Pseudomonas putida at pH 9 2: 89 percent / NaNO2, 2N H2SO4, 4N H2SO4 / aq. acetic acid / 24 h, r.t.; 3 h, 100 deg C View Scheme

1: 74.3 percent / NaOH / H2O / 4 h / 130 - 132 °C 2: 89.5 percent / NaOH / H2O / 1 h / 0 - 5 °C / pH 11 - 11.5 3: 37.5 percent / potassium phosphate buffer; aq. NaOH; beef kidney acetone powder / CoCl2 / 24 h / 37 °C / pH 7.5 / Enzymatic reaction View Scheme

1: 99.3 percent / NH4Cl / aq. NH3 / 50 h / 37 °C / enzymatic hydrolysis with Pseudomonas putida at pH 9 2: 1.) NaNO2, 2N H2SO4; 2.) KBr, NaNO2, 3N H2SO4 / 1.) 50percent CH3COOH, r.t., 24 h; 2.) 50percent CH3COOH, 0-5 deg C, 1 h 3: 95 percent / SOCl2 / 24 h / Ambient temperature 4: 70 percent / (NH4)2CO3 / H2O; nitromethane / 96 h / 50 °C 5: 89 percent / TFA / 24 h / Ambient temperature 6: 75.8 percent / 1N NaOH / 24 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: 99.3 percent / NH4Cl / aq. NH3 / 50 h / 37 °C / enzymatic hydrolysis with Pseudomonas putida at pH 9 2: 1.) NaNO2, 2N H2SO4; 2.) KBr, NaNO2, 3N H2SO4 / 1.) 50percent CH3COOH, r.t., 24 h; 2.) 50percent CH3COOH, 0-5 deg C, 1 h 3: 95 percent / SOCl2 / 24 h / Ambient temperature 4: 74 percent / (NH4)2CO3 / nitromethane; H2O / 96 h / 50 °C 5: 85 percent / TFA / 3 h / Ambient temperature 6: 75 percent / 1N NaOH / 24 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: 99.3 percent / NH4Cl / aq. NH3 / 50 h / 37 °C / enzymatic hydrolysis with Pseudomonas putida at pH 9 2: 1.) NaNO2, 2N H2SO4; 2.) KBr, NaNO2, 3N H2SO4 / 1.) 50percent CH3COOH, r.t., 24 h; 2.) 50percent CH3COOH, 0-5 deg C, 1 h 3: 95 percent / SOCl2 / 24 h / Ambient temperature 4: 74 percent / (NH4)2CO3 / nitromethane; H2O / 96 h / 50 °C 5: 85 percent / TFA / 3 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme