1.1: acetic acid / methanol / 0.08 h / 6 °C / Industry scale 2.1: potassium hydroxide / toluene; water / 0.33 h / 12.5 °C / Industry scale; Inert atmosphere 2.2: 1.65 h / 12.5 - 14.6 °C / Industry scale; Inert atmosphere 3.1: (9R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]cinchonan-1-ium-9-ol bromide / toluene; water / 16 h / 10 °C / Industry scale; Inert atmosphere 4.1: toluene / 6.67 h / 90 °C / Industry scale 5.1: hydrogen / palladium 10 on activated carbon / toluene; methanol / 20 - 27 °C / 3102.97 Torr / Industry scale 5.2: 20 °C / pH 6.3 / Industry scale View Scheme