trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane T=20°C; 15 h;

hydrogenchloride in tetrahydrofuran T=100°C; 12 h;

1: 64 percent / triethylamine / H2O; acetone / a) -5 deg C, 2 h, b) RT, 3 h 3: 6 N aq. HCl / 11 h / 50 °C View Scheme

1: 93 percent / H2; acetic acid / Pd(OH)2/C / methanol; H2O / 24 h / 20 °C / 760.05 Torr 2: 99 percent / trifluoroacetic acid / CH2Cl2 / 15 h / 20 °C View Scheme

1.1: n-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 0.5 h / -78 °C 1.2: 91 percent / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 3 h / -78 °C 2.1: 93 percent / H2; acetic acid / Pd(OH)2/C / methanol; H2O / 24 h / 20 °C / 760.05 Torr 3.1: 99 percent / trifluoroacetic acid / CH2Cl2 / 15 h / 20 °C View Scheme

1.1: n-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 0.5 h / -78 °C 1.2: 89 percent / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / -78 - 20 °C 2.1: n-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 0.5 h / -78 °C 2.2: 91 percent / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 3 h / -78 °C 3.1: 93 percent / H2; acetic acid / Pd(OH)2/C / methanol; H2O / 24 h / 20 °C / 760.05 Torr 4.1: 99 percent / trifluoroacetic acid / CH2Cl2 / 15 h / 20 °C View Scheme

1: 72 percent / n-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / -78 °C 2: H2; AcOH / Pd/C / 20 °C / 3800 Torr View Scheme

Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on diatomite; water in 1,4-dioxane T=30°C; 52.5 h; Enzymatic reaction; optical yield given as percent eestereoselective reaction;

Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on a ceramic support; water in 1,4-dioxane T=45°C; 120 h; Enzymatic reaction; optical yield given as percent eestereoselective reaction;

recombinant Alcaligenes faecalis penicillin G acylase in aq. phosphate buffer T=25°C; pH=11; 1.5 h; Enzymatic reaction; enantioselective reaction;