hydrogen; palladium dihydroxide in ethanol T=70°C; P=760 Torr; 4 h;

trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane T=20°C; 15 h;

hydrogenchloride T=100°C; 2.5 h;

hydrogen; acetic acid; palladium dihydroxide in methanol; water P=4560.31 Torr; 12 h;

1.1: n-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 0.5 h / -78 °C 1.2: 89 percent / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / -78 - 20 °C 2.1: n-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 0.5 h / -78 °C 2.2: 89 percent / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 3 h / -78 °C 3.1: 90 percent / H2; acetic acid / Pd(OH)2/C / methanol; H2O / 24 h / 20 °C / 760.05 Torr 4.1: 99 percent / trifluoroacetic acid / CH2Cl2 / 15 h / 20 °C View Scheme

1: 64 percent / triethylamine / H2O; acetone / a) -5 deg C, 2 h, b) RT, 3 h 2: 61 percent / aq. KOH / Ambient temperature; penicillin acylase (EC 3.5.1.11), pH 7.5 View Scheme

1: 60 percent / 120 h / Heating 2: 91 percent / K2CO3 / methanol; H2O / 1 h / Ambient temperature 3: 97 mg / N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, RuCl3*H2O / acetone / 0.75 h / Ambient temperature 4: 90 percent / H2 / Pd(OH)2/C (20percent) / ethanol / 4 h / 70 °C / 760 Torr View Scheme

1: 90 percent / H2; acetic acid / Pd(OH)2/C / methanol; H2O / 24 h / 20 °C / 760.05 Torr 2: 99 percent / trifluoroacetic acid / CH2Cl2 / 15 h / 20 °C View Scheme

1.1: n-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 0.5 h / -78 °C 1.2: 89 percent / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 3 h / -78 °C 2.1: 90 percent / H2; acetic acid / Pd(OH)2/C / methanol; H2O / 24 h / 20 °C / 760.05 Torr 3.1: 99 percent / trifluoroacetic acid / CH2Cl2 / 15 h / 20 °C View Scheme

1: 97 mg / N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, RuCl3*H2O / acetone / 0.75 h / Ambient temperature 2: 90 percent / H2 / Pd(OH)2/C (20percent) / ethanol / 4 h / 70 °C / 760 Torr View Scheme