in gaseous matrix dc sputtering of metal flakes in O2/He in cylindrical stainless steel hollow cathode;

in neat (no solvent, solid phase) Irradiation (UV/VIS); laser ablation of La-Ca-Mn-O target (mixture of oxides, nominal composition La0.67Ca0.33MnO3, calcination at 800°C for 5 h); laser beam 532nm (Nd:YAG laser); quadrupole and TOF mass spectrometry;