1: 2) NEt3 / 1) ethyl thiazolium catalyst / or with methyl thiazolium catalyst; 1) EtOH 2: 75 percent / pivalic acid / toluene; heptane; tetrahydrofuran / Heating 3: aq. HCl / methanol 4: aq. NaOH / methanol View Scheme

1: 75 percent / pivalic acid / toluene; heptane; tetrahydrofuran / Heating 2: aq. HCl / methanol 3: aq. NaOH / methanol View Scheme

1: methanesulfonic acid / tetrahydrofuran / 0 °C 2: hydrogen; ammonia / palladium 10 on activated carbon / water; tetrahydrofuran; methanol / 6 h / 20 °C 3: triethylamine / acetonitrile / 0 - 20 °C / Inert atmosphere 4: triethylamine / dichloromethane / 0 °C / Inert atmosphere 5: acetic anhydride / 5 h / 75 - 80 °C / Inert atmosphere 6: hydrogenchloride; water / methanol / 1.5 h / 20 °C 7: sodium hydroxide; water / methanol / 0 - 20 °C / pH 12 View Scheme

1: 75 percent / pivalic acid / toluene; heptane; tetrahydrofuran / Heating 2: aq. HCl / methanol 3: aq. NaOH / methanol View Scheme

hydrogenchloride in dichloromethane; water 0.5 h; Cooling with ice;

anhydrous calcium acetate in water T=13 - 63°C;

in methanol; water T=13 - 63°C; Product distribution / selectivity;