bromine; acetic acid

hydrogenchloride; sodium bromide in methanol; water Electrochemical reaction;

pyridine

triethylamine in dichloromethane T=0 - 20°C; Inert atmosphere;

pyridine; acetic anhydride in water

1.1: acetic acid; bromine / 2 h / 20 °C 2.1: potassium carbonate / acetone / |Reflux 3.1: potassium hydroxide; water; copper; copper(II) oxide / 1 h / 140 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Microwave irradiation 4.1: 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylboronic acid / toluene / 1 h / |Reflux; |Dean-Stark 4.2: 46 h / 100 °C / |Molecular sieve; |Sealed tube 4.3: 2 h / |Reflux 5.1: potassium carbonate / acetone / 4 h / |Reflux 6.1: ethanol / 14 h / |Reflux 7.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 1.5 h / 0 - 20 °C 8.1: trichlorophosphate / acetonitrile / 1 h / |Reflux; |Inert atmosphere 9.1: [[(η6-p-cymene)((1S,2S)-N-p-toluenesulfonyl-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine)]Ru]; formic acid; triethylamine / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 20 °C 10.1: water; sodium hydroxide / ethanol / 3 h / 20 °C 11.1: thionyl chloride / dichloromethane / 1.5 h / 0 - 20 °C 12.1: sodium hydrogencarbonate / dichloromethane / 1.5 h / 20 °C 13.1: hydrogenchloride / water; ethanol / 2 h / |Reflux View Scheme

1.1: acetic acid; bromine / 2 h / 20 °C 2.1: potassium carbonate / acetone / |Reflux 3.1: potassium hydroxide; water; copper; copper(II) oxide / 1 h / 140 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Microwave irradiation 4.1: 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylboronic acid / toluene / 1 h / |Reflux; |Dean-Stark 4.2: 46 h / 100 °C / |Molecular sieve; |Sealed tube 4.3: 2 h / |Reflux 5.1: potassium carbonate / acetone / 4 h / |Reflux 6.1: ethanol / 14 h / |Reflux 7.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 1.5 h / 0 - 20 °C 8.1: trichlorophosphate / acetonitrile / 1 h / |Reflux; |Inert atmosphere 9.1: [[(η6-p-cymene)((1S,2S)-N-p-toluenesulfonyl-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine)]Ru]; formic acid; triethylamine / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 20 °C 10.1: water; sodium hydroxide / ethanol / 3 h / 20 °C 11.1: thionyl chloride / dichloromethane / 1.5 h / 0 - 20 °C 12.1: sodium hydrogencarbonate / dichloromethane / 1.5 h / 20 °C 13.1: hydrogenchloride / water; ethanol / 2 h / |Reflux View Scheme

1.1: potassium carbonate / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 4 h / 25 °C 2.1: iodine; silver sulphate / methanol / 2 h / 18 °C 3.1: copper(l) iodide; bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; triethylamine / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 5 h / 25 °C / Inert atmosphere 4.1: piperidine; formic acid; palladium diacetate; tris-(o-tolyl)phosphine / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 3 h / 92 °C / Inert atmosphere 5.1: pyridine / 5 - 20 °C 6.1: methanol; water / 3 h / Reflux 7.1: water; sodium hydroxide / methanol / 2 h / Reflux 7.2: pH 2 View Scheme

potassium hydroxide in water; benzene

1: With recombinant Alcaligenes faecalis penicillin G acylase immobilized on oxirane acrylic carrier; potassium hydroxide in water T=35°C; pH=10; 6.33333 h; Enzymatic reaction; 2: With hydrogenchloride in water pH=1; optical yield given as percent eeenantioselective reaction;