potassium hydroxide in methanol; water T=60°C; 4 h;

sodium iodide; zinc; CoCl2 in acetonitrile Ambient temperature;

hydrogenchloride; sodium hydroxide 0.5 h; Heating;

1.1: diethyl ether; methanol 2.1: ammonia / methanol / 48 h / -20 °C 3.1: bacterial suspension of Rodococcus rhodochrous IFO 15564 / ethanol; aq. phosphate buffer / 2 h / 10 °C / pH 7 / |Microbiological reaction; |Enzymatic reaction 4.1: sodium hydroxide / water 4.2: |Acidic conditions View Scheme

1.1: ammonia / methanol / 48 h / -20 °C 2.1: bacterial suspension of Rodococcus rhodochrous IFO 15564 / ethanol; aq. phosphate buffer / 2 h / 10 °C / pH 7 / |Microbiological reaction; |Enzymatic reaction 3.1: sodium hydroxide / water 3.2: |Acidic conditions View Scheme

1.1: sulfuric acid / 24 h / |Reflux 2.1: ammonia / methanol / 48 h / -20 °C 3.1: bacterial suspension of Rodococcus rhodochrous IFO 15564 / ethanol; aq. phosphate buffer / 2 h / 10 °C / pH 7 / |Microbiological reaction; |Enzymatic reaction 4.1: sodium hydroxide / water 4.2: |Acidic conditions View Scheme

1.1: bacterial suspension of Rodococcus rhodochrous IFO 15564 / ethanol; aq. phosphate buffer / 2 h / 10 °C / pH 7 / |Microbiological reaction; |Enzymatic reaction 2.1: sodium hydroxide / water 2.2: |Acidic conditions View Scheme

1: 18-crown-6, potassium tert-butoxide / tetrahydrofuran / 24 h / 20 °C 2: 50 percent / 0.01 M HCl, 1 M aq. NaOH / 0.5 h / Heating View Scheme

oxidizing agent Yield given. Yields of byproduct given;