ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate; MacMillan imidazolidinone in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether T=25°C; 4 h;

diethyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate; (Bn2NH2)(OCOCF3) in tetrahydrofuran T=20°C; 5 h;

hydrogen; tin(ll) chloride; ((2S,4S)-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-(diphenylphosphino)-2-{(diphenylphosphino)methyl}pyrrolidine)PtCl2 in benzene T=60°C; P=137044 Torr; 8 h; Yield given. Yields of byproduct given;

2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline; palladium diacetate; copper(l) chloride in dimethyl sulfoxide T=50°C; P=760.051 Torr; 12 h;

1: 3-chloro-propionaldehyde diethyl acetal With lithium; 4,4'-di-tert-butylbiphenyl in tetrahydrofuran T=-78°C; 1 h; 2: With zinc dibromide in tetrahydrofuran T=-78 - 20°C; 3: para-bromoacetophenone With Pd(OAc)2(PPh3)2 in tetrahydrofuran T=70°C; Negishi cross-coupling reaction; Further stages.;

tetrabutyl-ammonium chloride; palladium diacetate; sodium hydrogencarbonate in N,N-dimethyl-formamide T=50°C; Heck Reaction; 8.5 h; Schlenk techniqueInert atmosphere;

1: 54.5 percent / nickel(II) bromide trihydrate; iron; nickel / 1,2-dibromoethane; tetrabutylammonium bromide / dimethylformamide; pyridine / 5.5 h / 70 °C / Electrolysis 2: 54.5 percent / AcOH; water / 0.75 h / Heating View Scheme

N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine; potassium carbonate; bis(dibenzylideneacetone)-palladium(0); cataCXium PIntB in N,N-dimethyl-formamide T=100°C; 0.5 h; Molecular sieveInert atmosphere;