1: With sodium carbonate in ethylene glycol 2: With copper dichloride in water; ethylene glycol T=120°C; 6 h;

1: With potassium hydroxide in ethanol; water T=20 - 100°C; Inert atmosphere; 2: With hydrogenchloride in water T=0°C; pH=2; Inert atmosphere;

potassium carbonate; Cu catalyst

1: H2 / Pd-C 2: K2CO3 / Cu catalyst View Scheme

1: aq. HCl / ethanol / Heating 2: Cu, aq. NaOH View Scheme

1.1: palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate; 2,2'-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'- binaphthyl / toluene / 20 - 120 °C / Inert atmosphere 2.1: potassium hydroxide / ethanol; water / 20 - 100 °C / Inert atmosphere 2.2: 0 °C / pH 2 / Inert atmosphere View Scheme

copper (heating);