1: anhydrous cyanoacetic acid With potassium hydroxide in water T=5°C; 0.25 h; 2: isobutyraldehyde With hydrogen; 5 palladium on charcoal in water P=750.075 Torr; 17 h; 3: With hydrogenchloride in water T=5°C; 0.25 h;

1: With water; sodium hydrogencarbonate T=0°C; 0.25 h; 2: With sodium tetrahydroborate T=0 - 20°C; 5 h; 3: With hydrogenchloride in water T=0°C; pH=2 - 3; Product distribution / selectivity;

sodium hydroxide in ethanol

1: acetic anhydride; pyridine / toluene / 20 °C 2: NADPH; recombinant OPR1 reductase (tomato) / dimethyl sulfoxide / 45 h / 30 °C / pH 7 / Enzymatic reaction; Aqueous phosphate buffer 3: potassium hydroxide; water / 6 h / 25 °C 4: hydrogen / Raney Nickel / water / 30 °C 5: acetic acid / ethanol / 35 °C / pH 7.5 View Scheme