tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium iodide; caesium carbonate in acetonitrile T=100 - 105°C; 5 h;

1: 3-chloro-2-cyanophenol With potassium carbonate in acetone 0.5 h; Reflux; 2: (R)-(-)-3-nitro-benzenesulfonic acid oxiranylmethyl ester in acetone T=20°C; Reflux;

lithium hydroxide in ethanol T=20°C; 0.333333 h;

caesium carbonate in acetonitrile Heating;

1: 2.20 g / 18-crown-6; potassium acetate / acetonitrile / 24 h / Heating 2: 90 percent / 18-crown-6; potassium carbonate / acetone / 24 h / Heating 3: 97 percent / CuCl2; 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate; LiCl / 5 h / 60 °C 4: 47 percent / Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on diatomite / toluene / 6 h / 35 °C 5: 95 percent / LiOH*H2O / ethanol / 0.33 h / 20 °C View Scheme

1.1: lithium hydroxide hydrate / tetrahydrofuran; water / 4.5 h / 20 °C 2.1: potassium carbonate / acetone / 0.75 h / |Inert atmosphere; |Reflux 2.2: 20 h / |Inert atmosphere; |Reflux View Scheme

1: 90 percent / 18-crown-6; potassium carbonate / acetone / 24 h / Heating 2: 97 percent / CuCl2; 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate; LiCl / 5 h / 60 °C 3: 47 percent / Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on diatomite / toluene / 6 h / 35 °C 4: 95 percent / LiOH*H2O / ethanol / 0.33 h / 20 °C View Scheme