Pd(PCy3)2(H)(H2O)+BF4-; hydrogen; 1,4-di(diphenylphosphino)-butane in toluene T=140°C; P=31028.9 Torr; 48 h; Yield given. Yields of byproduct given;

PPA in tetrahydrofuran; N,N-dimethyl-formamide; mineral oil

potassium hydroxide; tetrabutylammomium bromide in tetrahydrofuran 2 h; Ambient temperature;

1: neat (no solvent) / 10 h / 90 °C / |Inert atmosphere 2: trimethylaluminum; bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel (0); triphenylphosphine; 1,3-bis((R)-2,2-dimethyl-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)propyl)-1,3,2-diazaphospholidine 2-oxide / toluene / 40 °C / |Inert atmosphere View Scheme