1: With sodium hydroxide; water in methanol T=20°C; 2.5 - 3 h; 2: With sodium hydroxide in water; ethyl acetate 3: With hydrogenchloride in water pH=5; Acidic aqueous solution;

nitric acid; sodium nitrite T=70°C; 5 h;

1: tetrahydrofuran / -20 °C 2: conc. hydrochloric acid / 10 h 3: KMnO4 / Heating 4: H2NNH2/KOH / bis-(2-hydroxy-ethyl) ether 5: 70percent aq. HNO3, NaNO2 / 5 h / 70 °C View Scheme