in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether T=140°C; 24 h;

1: With cyclohexa-1,4-diene in chlorobenzene T=180°C; 24 h; Inert atmosphere; 2: With 2,3-dicyano-5,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone in toluene 16 h; Resolution of racemate;

in ethanol

cyclohexa-1,4-diene in chlorobenzene T=180°C; 24 h; Inert atmosphere;

T=230°C; P=10 Torr;

1.1: triethylamine; tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); copper(l) iodide / 12 h / |Inert atmosphere; |Darkness 2.1: acetic acid; zinc / ethanol / 0.17 h 3.1: water; benzene / 12 h / |Darkness 4.1: potassium carbonate / methanol; tetrahydrofuran / 1 h 5.1: cyclohexa-1,4-diene / chlorobenzene / 24 h / 180 °C / |Inert atmosphere 5.2: 16 h / |Resolution of racemate View Scheme

1: triethylamine; tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); copper(l) iodide / 12 h / |Inert atmosphere; |Darkness 2: acetic acid; zinc / ethanol / 0.17 h 3: water; benzene / 12 h / |Darkness 4: potassium carbonate / methanol; tetrahydrofuran / 1 h 5: cyclohexa-1,4-diene / chlorobenzene / 24 h / 180 °C / |Inert atmosphere View Scheme

1: D-glucose in phosphate buffer T=50°C; pH=7.4; 168000 h; 2: 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene in water T=50°C; 1 h; Further stages. Further byproducts.;

1: aq. NaOH solution 2: 230 °C / 10 Torr View Scheme

water