1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane in dimethyl sulfoxide T=35 - 40°C; 3 h; Irradiation;

(1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride; tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0); polymethylhydroxysilane in N,N-dimethyl acetamide T=120°C; 2 h;

trichlorophosphate in pyridine 3 h; Ambient temperature;

1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 1,1,1,2,2,2-hexabutyl-distannane in benzene T=60°C; 20 h; Irradiation;

1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 1,1,1,2,2,2-hexabutyl-distannane in benzene T=60°C; 40 h; Irradiation;

1: 47 percent / FeCl3, I2, Br2 / 12 h / Ambient temperature 2: 19 percent / dimethylformamide / 5 h / Heating View Scheme

in N,N-dimethyl-formamide 5 h; Heating;

1: 1,2-Benzenedicarbonitrile With ammonia; potassium T=-33°C; Reduction; 0.0833333 h; 2: 1-bromo-butane; 1-bromo-1,1-dimethylethane Alkylation; 0.833333 h;

1: 1,2-Benzenedicarbonitrile With ammonia; potassium T=-33°C; Reduction; 0.0833333 h; 2: 1-iodo-butane; 2-methyl-2-iodopropane Alkylation; 0.333333 h; Further byproducts given;

catalyst: 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene in neat (no solvent) Irradiation (UV/VIS); 4-tetra-t-butyl phthalonitrile (5.44 mmol) and CuCl2 (2.72 mmol) in the presence of DBU were irradiated in a quartz vessel by a microwave oven at 440 W for 10 min; the complex was washed with a methanol/water soln.; column chromy. (silica gel, ethyl acetate/n-hexane = 1/4, wt./wt.); the complex was dried; elem. anal.;