palladium diacetate; copper diacetate; 3 A molecular sieve; oxygen in toluene T=120°C;

1: ethyl acetate / 0.5 h / 80 °C 2: 99 percent / Pd(OAc)2; 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl; K3PO4 / toluene / 0.25 h / 90 °C 3: 92 percent / Pd(OAc)2; molecular sieves 3 Angstroem; Cu(OAc)2 / O2 / toluene / 120 °C View Scheme

1: 92 percent / Pd(OAc)2; 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl; K3PO4 / toluene / 0.33 h / 90 °C 2: 82 percent / Pd(OAc)2; molecular sieves 3 Angstroem; Cu(OAc)2 / O2 / toluene / 120 °C View Scheme

1: 99 percent / Pd(OAc)2; 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl; K3PO4 / toluene / 0.25 h / 90 °C 2: 92 percent / Pd(OAc)2; molecular sieves 3 Angstroem; Cu(OAc)2 / O2 / toluene / 120 °C View Scheme

1: 92 percent / Pd(OAc)2; 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl; K3PO4 / toluene / 0.33 h / 90 °C 2: 82 percent / Pd(OAc)2; molecular sieves 3 Angstroem; Cu(OAc)2 / O2 / toluene / 120 °C View Scheme

potassium hydroxide in acetone T=50°C; 0.5 h;

pyridine T=70°C;

potassium hydroxide in acetone T=-20 - -10°C; 0.5 h; other temperatures; other bases; other solvents; activation parameters: E, ΔH, ΔS; Product distributionMechanismThermodynamic data;

1: 72 percent / Pseudomonas aeruginosa, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, glucose, NaOH / H2O / 72 h / pH 7.0 2: 13 percent / Aspergillus fumigatus, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, glucose, NaOH / H2O / 24 h / pH 7.0, further reagent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3: 70 percent / Aspergillus fumigatus, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, glucose, NaOH / H2O / 48 h / pH 7.0, further reagent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa View Scheme

1: 72 percent / Pseudomonas aeruginosa, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, glucose, NaOH / H2O / 72 h / pH 7.0 2: 13 percent / Aspergillus fumigatus, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, glucose, NaOH / H2O / 24 h / pH 7.0, further reagent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3: 70 percent / Aspergillus fumigatus, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, glucose, NaOH / H2O / 48 h / pH 7.0, further reagent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4: 75 percent / Pseudomonas aeruginosa, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, glucose, NaOH / H2O / 72 h / pH 7.0 View Scheme