sodium nitrite in H3 PO4; water

in N,N-dimethyl-formamide T=0 - 25°C; 4 h;

hydrogenchloride; hydrazine hydrate in ethylene glycol Microwave irradiation;

1: 78 percent / KOH; water / ethane-1,2-diol / 15 h / Heating 2: PTSA / CHCl3 / 24 h / Heating View Scheme

1: 77 percent / ethanol / 15 h / Heating 2: 50percent aq. KOH / Heating 3: 80 percent / sodium carbonate / ethanol / 10 h / Heating 4: 96 percent / copper powder, cuprous iodide, sodium carbonate / dimethylformamide / 12 h / Heating View Scheme

1: 77 percent / ethanol / 15 h / Heating 2: 50percent aq. KOH / Heating 3: 80 percent / sodium carbonate / ethanol / 10 h / Heating 4: 96 percent / copper powder, cuprous iodide, sodium carbonate / dimethylformamide / 12 h / Heating 5: stannous chloride, acetic anhydride, HCl (g) / acetic acid / Ambient temperature 6: 1. sodium nitrite / 1. 48percent fluoroboric acid, -5 degC, 1h; 2. ice cold, 1h; 3. 30 min. View Scheme

1: 77 percent / ethanol / 15 h / Heating 2: 50percent aq. KOH / Heating 3: 80 percent / sodium carbonate / ethanol / 10 h / Heating View Scheme

potassium hydroxide in isopropyl alcohol