thionyl chloride T=20°C; 10 h;

20 wt. Pd(OH)2 on activated carbon; hydrogen; trifluoroacetic acid in water T=20°C; P=3040.2 Torr; 24 h;

penicillin G acylase (PGA-450) in toluene T=30°C; kinetic resolution;

1: selenium(IV) oxide / ethyl acetate / 1 h / 75 °C 2: platinum(IV) oxide; hydrogen / 3040.2 Torr 3: 20 wt. Pd(OH)2 on activated carbon; hydrogen; trifluoroacetic acid / water / 24 h / 20 °C / 3040.2 Torr View Scheme

1: platinum(IV) oxide; hydrogen / 3040.2 Torr 2: 20 wt. Pd(OH)2 on activated carbon; hydrogen; trifluoroacetic acid / water / 24 h / 20 °C / 3040.2 Torr View Scheme

1.1: diethylamino-sulfur trifluoride / dichloromethane / 1.25 h / -78 °C 1.2: 4 h / -78 - 20 °C 2.1: selenium(IV) oxide / ethyl acetate / 1 h / 75 °C 3.1: platinum(IV) oxide; hydrogen / 3040.2 Torr 4.1: 20 wt. Pd(OH)2 on activated carbon; hydrogen; trifluoroacetic acid / water / 24 h / 20 °C / 3040.2 Torr View Scheme

1.1: dichloromethane / 0 - 20 °C 2.1: diethylamino-sulfur trifluoride / dichloromethane / 1.25 h / -78 °C 2.2: 4 h / -78 - 20 °C 3.1: selenium(IV) oxide / ethyl acetate / 1 h / 75 °C 4.1: platinum(IV) oxide; hydrogen / 3040.2 Torr 5.1: 20 wt. Pd(OH)2 on activated carbon; hydrogen; trifluoroacetic acid / water / 24 h / 20 °C / 3040.2 Torr View Scheme

1.1: thionyl chloride / 3 h / Reflux 2.1: dichloromethane / 0 - 20 °C 3.1: diethylamino-sulfur trifluoride / dichloromethane / 1.25 h / -78 °C 3.2: 4 h / -78 - 20 °C 4.1: selenium(IV) oxide / ethyl acetate / 1 h / 75 °C 5.1: platinum(IV) oxide; hydrogen / 3040.2 Torr 6.1: 20 wt. Pd(OH)2 on activated carbon; hydrogen; trifluoroacetic acid / water / 24 h / 20 °C / 3040.2 Torr View Scheme

Bacillus licheniformis; sodium hydrogencarbonate; BASIONICreg; BC 01 in water; water-d2 T=30°C; 3 h;

formic acid; ammonia; immobilized Pen-G acylase mutant Phe-24-Ala in water T=12°C; pH=7.3; 2.5 h; Enzymatic reaction; Product distribution / selectivity;