1.1: caesium carbonate / toluene / 1 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 1.2: 16 h / 20 - 79 °C / |Inert atmosphere 2.1: sulfuric acid; water / 17 h / 35 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 3.1: lithium tert-butylate / tetrahydrofuran; di-isopropyl ether / 0.17 h / 2 - 5 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 4.1: sodium tetrahydroborate / toluene; ethanol; water / 0.33 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 4.2: 0.75 h / -10 - 0 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 5.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 20 h / -10 - 0 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 6.1: potassium tert-butylate / 0.08 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 6.2: 4.5 h / 20 - 25 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale View Scheme

phenyl-acetic acid methyl ester; penicillin acylase PGA-450 in tert-butyl methyl ether; water T=20°C; 7 h;

1: With (2R,3R)-(-)-di-O-(p-toluoyl)-tartaric acid in ethanol 0.0833333 h; Heating / refluxResolution of racemate; 2: With sodium hydroxide in water

sodium hydroxide in water

trifluoroacetic acid 0.166667 h;

1.1: caesium carbonate / toluene / 1 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 1.2: 16 h / 20 - 79 °C / |Inert atmosphere 2.1: sulfuric acid; water / 17 h / 35 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale View Scheme

1.1: caesium carbonate / toluene / 1 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 1.2: 16 h / 20 - 79 °C / |Inert atmosphere 2.1: sulfuric acid; water / 17 h / 35 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 3.1: lithium tert-butylate / tetrahydrofuran; di-isopropyl ether / 0.17 h / 2 - 5 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 4.1: sodium tetrahydroborate / toluene; ethanol; water / 0.33 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 4.2: 0.75 h / -10 - 0 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale View Scheme

1.1: caesium carbonate / toluene / 1 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 1.2: 16 h / 20 - 79 °C / |Inert atmosphere 2.1: sulfuric acid; water / 17 h / 35 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 3.1: lithium tert-butylate / tetrahydrofuran; di-isopropyl ether / 0.17 h / 2 - 5 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 4.1: sodium tetrahydroborate / toluene; ethanol; water / 0.33 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 4.2: 0.75 h / -10 - 0 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale 5.1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 20 h / -10 - 0 °C / |Inert atmosphere; |Large scale View Scheme

in ethyl acetate T=20°C; 16 h;