Irradiation (UV/VIS); excimer-laser photolysis (193 nm);

in gaseous matrix Irradiation (UV/VIS); Cd compressed into a steel sample holder, vaporized by UV radiation from an excimer laser, mixed with the organic precursor by passing an inert carrier gas (He) over the appropriate liquid sample;

in gaseous matrix metal sputtering (Ar), pulsed supersonic jet in discharge nozzle (Ar);