1.1: 50 percent / trifluoromethanesulfonic acid / CH2Cl2 / 24 h / 20 °C 2.1: (D)-tartaric acid / H2O / 80 °C 2.2: 65 percent / aq. NaOH View Scheme

1.1: 50 percent / trifluoromethanesulfonic acid / CH2Cl2 / 24 h / 20 °C 2.1: (D)-tartaric acid / H2O / 80 °C 2.2: 65 percent / aq. NaOH View Scheme

1.1: 93 percent / NaN3; H2O / acetone / 17 h / Heating 2.1: 79 percent / various solvent(s) / 16 h / Heating 3.1: 50 percent / trifluoromethanesulfonic acid / CH2Cl2 / 24 h / 20 °C 4.1: (D)-tartaric acid / H2O / 80 °C 4.2: 65 percent / aq. NaOH View Scheme

1.1: C36H34O2P2Pd / toluene / 4 h / -10 °C 1.2: 8 h / -10 °C 2.1: NiII chloride hexahydrate / methanol / 0.17 h / -10 °C 2.2: -10 - 20 °C 2.3: 20 °C 3.1: HBF4*Et2O / dichloromethane / 22 h / -4 - 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere View Scheme