hydrogenchloride; sodium hydroxide 1.) EtOH, reflux, 18 h, 2.) EtOH; Yield given. Multistep reaction;

hydrogenchloride; sodium hydroxide; acetic acid in water

1: aq. NaOH / Heating 2: 43 percent / aq. NaOH / dioxane View Scheme

1: 1.) NaOH, 2.) 6 M aq. HCl / 1.) EtOH, reflux, 18 h, 2.) EtOH 2: 70.7 percent / aq. LiOH / 56 h / porcine kidney acylase, pH 7.2-7.5 View Scheme

1: 1.) NaOH, 2.) 6 M aq. HCl / 1.) EtOH, reflux, 18 h, 2.) EtOH 2: 70.7 percent / aq. LiOH / 56 h / porcine kidney acylase, pH 7.2-7.5 3: 89 percent / aq. Na2CO3 / dioxane / 1.5 h / 0 - 20 °C View Scheme

hydrogenchloride; acetic acid

1: 75 percent / H2, conc. aq. HCl / 10percent Pd/C / ethanol; CHCl3 / 24 h / Ambient temperature 2: 78 percent / aq. NaOH, NaNO2 / 5 h / Heating 3: 95 percent / thionyl chloride / CH2Cl2 / 20 h / Heating 4: 82 percent / Heating 5: 80 percent / 9 M aq. HCl / Heating View Scheme