hydrogenchloride 1.5 h; Heating;

sulfuric acid; nitric acid 1./ 0.5 h. 2./ 1 h. room temp.;

hydrogenchloride in ethanol; water T=80°C; 6 h;

1: 15 percent / KNO3, H2SO4 / Ambient temperature 2: 97 percent / 2 N aq. HCl / 9 h / 85 °C View Scheme

1: 1./ cc H2SO4, NaNO2, acetic acid, 2./ CuBr, NaBr, 16percent HBr / 1./ water, 1 h. 3-5 deg C. 2: 82 percent / CuCl, K2CO3 / pyridine / 3 h / Heating 3: 92 percent / H2 / Raney-nickel / methanol / 4 h / 52504.2 Torr 4: 94 percent / pyridine / 1./ 3 h. 0 deg C. 2./ room temp. overnight. View Scheme

1: 1./ cc H2SO4, NaNO2, acetic acid, 2./ CuBr, NaBr, 16percent HBr / 1./ water, 1 h. 3-5 deg C. 2: 38 percent / CuCl, potassium tert-butoxide / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 7 h / Heating 3: 100 percent / H2 / Raney-nickel / methanol / 4 h / 52504.2 Torr View Scheme

1: 1./ cc H2SO4, NaNO2, acetic acid, 2./ CuBr, NaBr, 16percent HBr / 1./ water, 1 h. 3-5 deg C. 2: 38 percent / CuCl, potassium tert-butoxide / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 7 h / Heating 3: 100 percent / H2 / Raney-nickel / methanol / 4 h / 52504.2 Torr 4: 76 percent / pyridine / 1./ 3 h. 0 deg C. 2./ room temp. View Scheme

tin(ll) chloride in ethanol T=70°C; 2 h;