1.1: thionyl chloride; pyridine / 3.5 h / 5 °C / |Heating 2.1: ethanol; water / 5 h / |Reflux 3.1: sulfuric acid / 12 h / |Reflux 4.1: pyridine / chloroform / 4 h / 20 - 80 °C 5.1: potassium hydroxide; methanol / 15 h / 20 °C 6.1: sulfuric acid / water / 8 h / 20 °C 7.1: hydrazine hydrate / ethanol; diethylene glycol / 8 h / |Reflux 7.2: 5 h / |Reflux View Scheme

1: 90 percent / p-Toluenesulfonic acid / benzene / Heating; Continuous removal of water 2: 29 percent / 750 °C / 0.01 Torr View Scheme

T=750°C; P=0.01 Torr;

aluminum oxide T=350°C; flash vacuum pyrolysis.Var. cat.: SiO2, 400 deg C.; Product distribution;

1: 92 percent / p-Toluenesulfonic acid / benzene / Heating; Continuous removal of water 2: 42 percent / 750 °C / 0.01 Torr View Scheme

toluene-4-sulfonic acid in benzene HeatingContinuous removal of water;

1: 89 percent / p-Toluenesulfonic acid / benzene / Heating; Continuous removal of water 2: 32 percent / 750 °C / 0.01 Torr View Scheme

1: thionyl chloride; pyridine / 3.5 h / 5 °C / |Heating 2: ethanol; water / 5 h / |Reflux 3: sulfuric acid / 12 h / |Reflux 4: pyridine / chloroform / 4 h / 20 - 80 °C 5: potassium hydroxide; methanol / 15 h / 20 °C 6: sulfuric acid / water / 8 h / 20 °C View Scheme

lithium aluminium tetrahydride in tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether T=20°C; 2.5 h; Cooling with ice;

sodium tetrahydroborate in tetrahydrofuran Ambient temperature;