1.1: 85 percent / lithium / tetrahydrofuran / 1 h / sonication 2.1: 97 percent / pyridinium chlorochromate; silica gel / CH2Cl2 / 3 h / 20 °C 3.1: magnesium / tetrahydrofuran 3.2: 70 percent / tetrahydrofuran / 4 h / 20 °C 4.1: 83 percent / pyridinium chlorochromate; silica gel / CH2Cl2 / 30 h / 20 °C 5.1: 70 percent / sodium borohydride / methanol / 2 h / cooling 6.1: 47 percent / propionic acid / 48 h / 180 °C 7.1: 98 percent / PhCH=RhCl2(PCy3)2 / CH2Cl2 / 4 h / 20 °C 8.1: hydrogen / Pd/C / ethanol / 3 h / 20 °C / 760 Torr 9.1: 84 mg / LiAlH4 / diethyl ether / 0.75 h / 0 - 20 °C 10.1: pyridinium chlorochromate; silica gel / CH2Cl2 / 0.5 h / 20 °C 11.1: 14 mg / (PPh3)3RhCl / benzene / 48 h / 120 - 130 °C 12.1: lithium; liq. ammonia / ethanol; tetrahydrofuran / 2.5 h 13.1: 147 mg / sulphuric acid / tetrahydrofuran; H2O / 0.83 h / 20 °C View Scheme

1: 100 percent / p-TsOH / benzene / Heating 2: 80 percent / O2, PdCl2, CuCl / dimethylformamide; H2O View Scheme

1: TsOH 2: O2, PdCl2, CuCl / dimethylformamide; H2O View Scheme

1: 100 percent / p-TsOH / benzene / Heating 2: 80 percent / O2, PdCl2, CuCl / dimethylformamide; H2O 3: 1.) LDA / 1.) THF, -78 deg C, 1 h, 2.) 0 deg C, 5 h View Scheme

1: 100 percent / p-TsOH / benzene / Heating 2: 80 percent / O2, PdCl2, CuCl / dimethylformamide; H2O 3: 1.) LDA / 1.) THF, -78 deg C, 1 h, 2.) 0 deg C, 5 h 4: 80 percent / O32, PdCl2, CuCl View Scheme

1: 100 percent / p-TsOH / benzene / Heating 2: 80 percent / O2, PdCl2, CuCl / dimethylformamide; H2O 3: 1.) LDA, 2.) HMPA / 1.) THF, -78 deg C, 1 h, 2.) overnight View Scheme

1: 100 percent / p-TsOH / benzene / Heating 2: 80 percent / O2, PdCl2, CuCl / dimethylformamide; H2O 3: 1.) LDA / 1.) THF, -78 deg C, 1 h, 2.) 0 deg C, 5 h 4: 80 percent / O32, PdCl2, CuCl 5: 14 percent / LDA / tetrahydrofuran / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: TsOH 2: O2, PdCl2, CuCl / dimethylformamide; H2O 3: 50 percent / LDA, HMPA / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 1.) -78 deg C, 30 min. 2.) 0 deg C, 30 min 4: HCl / acetone / 0.5 h / 0 °C 5: NaH / tetrahydrofuran / 12 h / Heating View Scheme

1: 100 percent / p-TsOH / benzene / Heating 2: 80 percent / O2, PdCl2, CuCl / dimethylformamide; H2O 3: 1.) LDA / 1.) THF, -78 deg C, 1 h, 2.) 0 deg C, 5 h 4: 80 percent / O32, PdCl2, CuCl 5: 55 percent / LDA / tetrahydrofuran / Ambient temperature View Scheme

toluene-4-sulfonic acid in benzene Heating;