1: triethylamine; lithium chloride / dichloromethane 2: copper(I) bromide dimethylsulfide complex / tetrahydrofuran 3: lithium aluminium tetrahydride / tetrahydrofuran 4: triethylamine / dichloromethane 5: sodium periodate; potassium permanganate / water; acetone 6: oxalyl dichloride / dichloromethane; N,N-dimethyl-formamide 7: tin(IV) chloride / dichloromethane 8: 10 palladium on activated charcoal; sulfuric acid; hydrogen / ethanol 9: triethylamine / dichloromethane 10: N,N-dimethyl-formamide 11: hydrazine / ethanol 12: sodium hydroxide / tetrahydrofuran; water View Scheme

1.1: sodium carbonate; sodium tetrahydroborate / acetonitrile; water / 5 - 22 °C 2.1: anhydrous xylene / 16 h / 120 °C 3.1: lithium aluminium tetrahydride / tetrahydrofuran / 16.67 h / 0 - 48 °C 4.1: water; acetone / 46 - 58 °C / |Resolution of racemate 5.1: sodium hydroxide; water / dichloromethane 5.2: 22 h / 24 °C / 3750.38 Torr View Scheme

1.1: sodium carbonate; sodium tetrahydroborate / acetonitrile; water / 5 - 22 °C 2.1: anhydrous xylene / 16 h / 120 °C 3.1: lithium aluminium tetrahydride / tetrahydrofuran / 16.67 h / 0 - 48 °C 4.1: water; acetone / 46 - 58 °C / |Resolution of racemate 5.1: sodium hydroxide; water / dichloromethane 5.2: 22 h / 24 °C / 3750.38 Torr 6.1: dl-methionine; methanesulfonic acid / 16 h / 80 °C View Scheme