1.1: 87 percent / SnCl2*2H2O / ethanol / 78 - 80 °C 2.1: aq. HCl; aq. NaNO2 / acetonitrile / 0.83 h / 20 °C 2.2: 78 percent / KI / acetonitrile; H2O / Heating 3.1: 86 percent / Pd(PPh3)2Cl2; CuI; Et3N / tetrahydrofuran / 40 h / 20 °C 4.1: 43 percent / i-Pr2NEt; CuI; Ph3P / Pd(dba)2 / tetrahydrofuran / 11 h / 60 °C 5.1: 74 percent / H2PO4 / 190 - 200 °C View Scheme