1: With trichlorophosphate in toluene T=100°C; 4 h; 2: With sodium hydroxide in water T=20°C;

trichlorophosphate 2 h; Heating / reflux;

1.1: sulfuric acid / 60 h / 79 °C / Industry scale 1.2: pH 7 / Cooling with ice; Industry scale 2.1: sodium ethanolate / ethanol / 1 h / 20 °C / Industry scale 2.2: 65 h / 85 °C / Industry scale 3.1: hydrogenchloride / water / 17.5 h / 72 °C / Industry scale; Reflux 3.2: 16 h / 5 - 8 °C / pH 5 / Industry scale 4.1: trichlorophosphate / toluene / 4 h / 100 °C 4.2: 20 °C View Scheme

1.1: sodium ethanolate / ethanol / 1 h / 20 °C / Industry scale 1.2: 65 h / 85 °C / Industry scale 2.1: hydrogenchloride / water / 17.5 h / 72 °C / Industry scale; Reflux 2.2: 16 h / 5 - 8 °C / pH 5 / Industry scale 3.1: trichlorophosphate / toluene / 4 h / 100 °C 3.2: 20 °C View Scheme

1: sodium; ethanol 2: palladium / 220 °C View Scheme

hydrogenchloride in 1,4-dioxane; water Heating / reflux;