1: With hydrogenchloride; water 6 h; Reflux; 2: With ammonium hydroxide in water

Lipase PS in water; isopropyl alcohol T=45°C; 23 h;

Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on a ceramic support; water in 1,4-dioxane T=45°C; 74 h; Enzymatic reaction; optical yield given as percent eestereoselective reaction;

1.1: Pd(OH)2/C (6 w/w); hydrogen / methanol / 24 h / 20 °C / 3800.26 Torr 2.1: hydrogenchloride; water / 6 h / Reflux 2.2: Dowex 50WX8-100 View Scheme

1.1: n-butyllithium / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 0.5 h / -78 °C / Inert atmosphere 1.2: 2 h / -78 °C / Inert atmosphere 1.3: -78 - 20 °C / Saturated solution 2.1: Pd(OH)2/C (6 w/w); hydrogen / methanol / 24 h / 20 °C / 3800.26 Torr 3.1: hydrogenchloride; water / 6 h / Reflux 3.2: Dowex 50WX8-100 View Scheme

1.1: methylmagnesium bromide / tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether / 0.25 h / 20 °C / Inert atmosphere 1.2: 15 h / Inert atmosphere; Reflux 2.1: n-butyllithium / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 0.5 h / -78 °C / Inert atmosphere 2.2: 2 h / -78 °C / Inert atmosphere 2.3: -78 - 20 °C / Saturated solution 3.1: Pd(OH)2/C (6 w/w); hydrogen / methanol / 24 h / 20 °C / 3800.26 Torr 4.1: hydrogenchloride; water / 6 h / Reflux 4.2: Dowex 50WX8-100 View Scheme