1: 1.) 2M HCl; 2.) pyridine / 1.) reflux, 13 h; 2.) overnight 2: 1.) sodium methoxide / 1.) MeOH, 2 h; 2.) conc. HCl, -15 deg C, 7 h 3: 4-dimethylaminopyridine / pyridine / 3.5 h / 70 °C 4: 1.) sodium hydride / 1.) DMF, 20 min; 2.) DMF, overnight 5: toluene-p-sulfonic acid monohydrate / methanol / 2 h 6: 77 percent / pyridine / 16 h 7: 93 percent / aq. sodium hydroxide / dioxane / 0.5 h / Heating 8: mercury(II) chloride, calcium carbonate / H2O; acetonitrile / 0.83 h 9: 2 percent / 60percent sodium hydride in mineral oil / tetrahydrofuran / 4 h 10: 70 percent / H2 / Raney nickel / ethanol / 2 h 11: 54 percent / 15M KOH / aq. ethanol / 144 h / 90 °C 12: 74 percent / lithium aluminum hydride / tetrahydrofuran / 5 h / Heating 13: 72 percent / cyclohexene / 20percent Pd(OH)2/C / ethanol / 44 h / Heating View Scheme