1: CuCl2 / dimethylformamide 2: KMnO4, aq. H2SO4 View Scheme

potassium permanganate; sulfuric acid

hydrogenchloride

1: phosphorus pentachloride 2: concentrated hydrochloric acid / durch Verseifung View Scheme

chlorine in neat (no solvent) Ambient temperatureliquid phase chlorination of the aliphatic C5-carboxylic acids and their chlorides, methyl esters and chloromethyl esters, relative reactivity of each hydrogen atoms; Product distribution;