1: acetic acid; H2O / 45 °C 2: pyridine 3: 89.7 percent / Na / methanol / 1.5 h View Scheme

1: 89.7 percent / Na / methanol / 1.5 h View Scheme

1.1: 51 percent / NaN3; ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate / acetonitrile / 6 h / -20 - -15 °C 2.1: 92.3 percent / Na / 0.5 h 3.1: 95.9 percent / Na / methanol / 0.5 h 4.1: 50.7 percent / ZnCl2 / 108 h / 20 °C 5.1: molecular sieves 4 Angstroem / 1,2-dichloro-ethane / 1.5 h / 20 °C 5.2: 66.2 percent / trimethylsilyl triflate / 1,2-dichloro-ethane / 0.25 h / -18 °C 6.1: acetic acid; H2O / 45 °C 7.1: pyridine 8.1: 89.7 percent / Na / methanol / 1.5 h View Scheme

1.1: 78.7 percent / Zn; N-methylimidazole / ethyl acetate / Heating 2.1: 51 percent / NaN3; ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate / acetonitrile / 6 h / -20 - -15 °C 3.1: 92.3 percent / Na / 0.5 h 4.1: 95.9 percent / Na / methanol / 0.5 h 5.1: 50.7 percent / ZnCl2 / 108 h / 20 °C 6.1: molecular sieves 4 Angstroem / 1,2-dichloro-ethane / 1.5 h / 20 °C 6.2: 66.2 percent / trimethylsilyl triflate / 1,2-dichloro-ethane / 0.25 h / -18 °C 7.1: acetic acid; H2O / 45 °C 8.1: pyridine 9.1: 89.7 percent / Na / methanol / 1.5 h View Scheme

β-galactosidase of bovine testes; McIlvaine-buffer T=37°C; pH=4.3; 50 h; Product distribution; Further Variations:ReagentspH-valuesReaction partnerswith solvents;