1: With caesium carbonate; triphenylphosphine in water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide T=95 - 105°C; Industry scaleInert atmosphere; 2: With palladium diacetate in N,N-dimethyl-formamide Industry scaleInert atmosphere;

1.1: tetrahydrofuran / -65 - -45 °C / Industry scale 1.2: 10 °C / Industry scale; Inert atmosphere 2.1: ammonia / isopropyl alcohol; water / 18 h / 75 - 85 °C / Sealed vessel; Industry scale 3.1: caesium carbonate / triphenylphosphine / N,N-dimethyl-formamide; water / 95 - 105 °C / Industry scale; Inert atmosphere 3.2: Industry scale; Inert atmosphere View Scheme