1: 97 percent / 0.5percent aq. HCl / methanol / 1 h / Heating 2: 1.) sodium acetate; 2.) pyridine / 1.) water, 2-methoxyethanol, 25 h, reflux; 2.) 3 h 3: 1.) 2M HCl; 2.) pyridine / 1.) reflux, 13 h; 2.) overnight 4: 1.) sodium methoxide / 1.) MeOH, 2 h; 2.) conc. HCl, -15 deg C, 7 h 5: 4-dimethylaminopyridine / pyridine / 3.5 h / 70 °C 6: 1.) sodium hydride / 1.) DMF, 20 min; 2.) DMF, overnight 7: toluene-p-sulfonic acid monohydrate / methanol / 2 h 8: 77 percent / pyridine / 16 h 9: 93 percent / aq. sodium hydroxide / dioxane / 0.5 h / Heating 10: mercury(II) chloride, calcium carbonate / H2O; acetonitrile / 0.83 h 11: 2 percent / 60percent sodium hydride in mineral oil / tetrahydrofuran / 4 h 12: 70 percent / H2 / Raney nickel / ethanol / 2 h 13: 54 percent / 15M KOH / aq. ethanol / 144 h / 90 °C 14: 74 percent / lithium aluminum hydride / tetrahydrofuran / 5 h / Heating 15: 72 percent / cyclohexene / 20percent Pd(OH)2/C / ethanol / 44 h / Heating View Scheme