1.1: hydroxylamine hydrochloride; sodium hydroxide; water / ethanol / 4 h / 5 °C 2.1: acetic anhydride / 2 h / 110 °C 3.1: magnesium / tetrahydrofuran / 0.5 h / 40 °C 3.2: 1 h / 40 °C 4.1: nitric acid / dichloromethane / 12 h / 10 - 20 °C 5.1: sodium hydroxide / 2 h / 0 - 20 °C 6.1: lithium chloride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 6 h / |Reflux 7.1: sodium carbonate; sodium dithionite; water / 1 h / 20 °C 8.1: trifluoroacetic acid / toluene / 6 h / 80 °C 9.1: triethylamine; pyridine / 2 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 10.1: hydrogenchloride; water / 3 h / 20 - 70 °C View Scheme

1.1: acetic anhydride / 2 h / 110 °C 2.1: magnesium / tetrahydrofuran / 0.5 h / 40 °C 2.2: 1 h / 40 °C 3.1: nitric acid / dichloromethane / 12 h / 10 - 20 °C 4.1: sodium hydroxide / 2 h / 0 - 20 °C 5.1: lithium chloride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 6 h / |Reflux 6.1: sodium carbonate; sodium dithionite; water / 1 h / 20 °C 7.1: trifluoroacetic acid / toluene / 6 h / 80 °C 8.1: triethylamine; pyridine / 2 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 9.1: hydrogenchloride; water / 3 h / 20 - 70 °C View Scheme

1.1: magnesium / tetrahydrofuran / 0.5 h / 40 °C 1.2: 1 h / 40 °C 2.1: nitric acid / dichloromethane / 12 h / 10 - 20 °C 3.1: sodium hydroxide / 2 h / 0 - 20 °C 4.1: lithium chloride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 6 h / |Reflux 5.1: sodium carbonate; sodium dithionite; water / 1 h / 20 °C 6.1: trifluoroacetic acid / toluene / 6 h / 80 °C 7.1: triethylamine; pyridine / 2 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 8.1: hydrogenchloride; water / 3 h / 20 - 70 °C View Scheme

1: nitric acid / dichloromethane / 12 h / 10 - 20 °C 2: sodium hydroxide / 2 h / 0 - 20 °C 3: lithium chloride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 6 h / |Reflux 4: sodium carbonate; sodium dithionite; water / 1 h / 20 °C 5: trifluoroacetic acid / toluene / 6 h / 80 °C 6: triethylamine; pyridine / 2 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 7: hydrogenchloride; water / 3 h / 20 - 70 °C View Scheme

di-p-nitrophenylphosphoric acid in aq. buffer T=37°C; pH=7.5; Enzymatic reaction; Reagent/catalyst;

di-p-nitrophenylphosphoric acid in aq. buffer T=37°C; pH=7.5; Enzymatic reaction; Reagent/catalyst;

hydrogenchloride; water in ethanol T=75 - 80°C;