T=150°C; Niementowski reaction; microwave-assisted; 0.666667 h; microwave irradiation;

1: SnCl2·2H2O; hydrogenchloride / ethanol / |Inert atmosphere; |Reflux 2: sodium hydroxide; water / ethanol / 45 - 50 °C 3: 5 h / 130 - 140 °C View Scheme

1: sulfuric acid / 8.5 h / 20 °C / |Reflux 2: nitric acid / acetic acid / 1 h / 20 °C / |Cooling with ice 3: SnCl2·2H2O; hydrogenchloride / ethanol / |Inert atmosphere; |Reflux 4: sodium hydroxide; water / ethanol / 45 - 50 °C 5: 5 h / 130 - 140 °C View Scheme

1: nitric acid / acetic acid / 1 h / 20 °C / |Cooling with ice 2: SnCl2·2H2O; hydrogenchloride / ethanol / |Inert atmosphere; |Reflux 3: sodium hydroxide; water / ethanol / 45 - 50 °C 4: 5 h / 130 - 140 °C View Scheme

1: sodium hydroxide; water / ethanol / 45 - 50 °C 2: 5 h / 130 - 140 °C View Scheme

hydrogenchloride T=60°C; 2 h; MULTISTEP REACTION; mechanism, activation parameters; var. temp. and ionic strenght, var. pH; Rate constantKineticsThermodynamic data;

N,N-dimethyl-aniline; trichlorophosphate 3 h; Heating;