potassium hydroxide in methanol; water T=20°C;

1: 95 percent / sodium formate dihydrate / ethanol / Heating 2: 92 percent / trifluoromethanesulfonic acid / cyclohexane; CH2Cl2 / 0 - 20 °C 3: 93 percent / potassium hydroxide / methanol; H2O / 20 °C View Scheme

1: 92 percent / trifluoromethanesulfonic acid / cyclohexane; CH2Cl2 / 0 - 20 °C 2: 93 percent / potassium hydroxide / methanol; H2O / 20 °C View Scheme

1: t-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; pentane 2: Jones reagent / tetrahydrofuran / 25 °C View Scheme

1.1: sodium hydroxide / toluene / Heating 2.1: methanol / 6 h / 0 °C 3.1: hydrogen chloride / methanol / 0 - 20 °C 3.2: p-toluenesulfonic acid / xylene / 200 - 210 °C 4.1: potassium hydroxide / methanol / 2 h / Heating 5.1: lithium; liquid ammonia / ethanol; tetrahydrofuran / 0.08 h / -40 °C 6.1: hydrochloric acid / H2O / Heating View Scheme