1: 63 percent / fuming HNO3; urea 2: 83 percent / aq. NaHCO3 / Pd(Ph3P)4 / dimethylformamide / 0.25 h / 150 °C / microwave irradiation View Scheme

1: pyridine / dichloromethane / 0 - 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 2: bis(dibenzylideneacetone)-palladium(0); copper(I) oxide; 3,4,7,8-tetra-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline; 2-(2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)phenyl)-5,6-dimethyl-1-octyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole / 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; 1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene / 0.58 h / 50 - 180 °C / 1500.15 Torr / |Inert atmosphere; |Microwave irradiation View Scheme

1: potassium tert-butylate / ethanol / 3 h / 20 °C / |Inert atmosphere 2: bis(dibenzylideneacetone)-palladium(0); copper(I) oxide; 3,4,7,8-tetra-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline; 2-(2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)phenyl)-5,6-dimethyl-1-octyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole / 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; 1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene / 0.58 h / 50 - 180 °C / 1500.15 Torr / |Inert atmosphere; |Microwave irradiation View Scheme

1: (i) NaNO2, aq. HCl, (ii) aq. ZnCl2 2: Zn View Scheme

zinc