1.1: sulfuric acid; acetic acid / 2.5 h / 0 - 75 °C / Industry scale 2.1: hydrogen bromide; acetic acid / 2 h / 20 °C / Industry scale 2.2: 2 h / 0 - 5 °C / Industry scale 3.1: sodium methylate / methanol / 5 - 20 °C / pH 9 - 9.5 / Industry scale 3.2: 5 h / Reflux; Molecular sieve; Industry scale 3.3: 0 - 20 °C 4.1: sodium hydrogencarbonate / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 20 - 122 °C / Industry scale 5.1: potassium hydroxide / tetrabutylammomium bromide / toluene; 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one / 0 - 20 °C / Industry scale View Scheme

1: 92 percent / SnCl4 / CH2Cl2 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature; var. Lewis Acids, var. 1,6-anhydrohexapyranose derivatives or perbenzyl ether of glycol 2: pyridine / CH2Cl2 / 2 h / 0 °C 3: NaN3, molecular sieves (4A) / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: 1.) Bu2SnO / 1.) toluene, DMF, 2.) CH2Cl2, -10 deg C, 1.5 h 2: pyridine / toluene; dimethylformamide; CH2Cl2 / 1.5 h / -10 - 0 °C 3: NaN3 / dimethylformamide / 2 h / Ambient temperature 4: sodium methoxide / methanol / Ambient temperature 5: BaO, Ba(OH)2 / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: NaH / dimethylformamide 2: t-BuOK / dimethylformamide; toluene / 6 h / Heating 3: HgCl2 / acetone; H2O / 3 h / Ambient temperature 4: pyridine / CH2Cl2 / 0.83 h / -10 - 0 °C 5: NaN3 / dimethylformamide / 0.25 h View Scheme

1: NaH / dimethylformamide 2: t-BuOK / dimethylformamide; toluene / 6 h / Heating 3: HgCl2 / acetone; H2O / 3 h / Ambient temperature 4: pyridine / CH2Cl2 / 0.83 h / -10 - 0 °C 5: NaN3 / dimethylformamide / 0.25 h View Scheme

1: t-BuOK / dimethylformamide; toluene / 6 h / Heating 2: HgCl2 / acetone; H2O / 3 h / Ambient temperature 3: pyridine / CH2Cl2 / 0.83 h / -10 - 0 °C 4: NaN3 / dimethylformamide / 0.25 h View Scheme

1: HgCl2 / acetone; H2O / 3 h / Ambient temperature 2: pyridine / CH2Cl2 / 0.83 h / -10 - 0 °C 3: NaN3 / dimethylformamide / 0.25 h View Scheme

1: 1.) NaH / 1.) DMF, 0 deg C, 2 h, 2.) DMF, RT, 2 d 2: 89 percent / molecular sieves 4A, trimethylamine-borane, AlCl3 / tetrahydrofuran / 5 h / Ambient temperature 3: pyridine / CH2Cl2 4: LiN3 / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: 89 percent / molecular sieves 4A, trimethylamine-borane, AlCl3 / tetrahydrofuran / 5 h / Ambient temperature 2: pyridine / CH2Cl2 3: LiN3 / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature View Scheme

1: sodium azide / N,N-dimethyl-formamide; water / 12 h / 120 °C 2: sodium hydride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 3 h / 0 - 20 °C View Scheme